History The first motocross races emerged in the UK such as Auto-Cycle Clubs in 1906 and the Scottish Six Days Trial that started in 1909.When a delicate balance and strict trial scoring were dispensed in favor of a race to be the fastest driver to the finish line, it was called a scramble, said to have originated from the phrase, "a rare old fight" that describes one of those early races.Originally known as scramble racing in the UK, as the sport grew in popularity, the competitions became known internationally as motocross racing, by combining the French word for motocyclette, moto for short, with "cross country" or "a cross country "in spanish. The first scramble race took place in Camberley, Surrey in 1924. During the 1930s, the sport became very popular, especially in Great Britain where teams from Birmingham Small Arms Company (BSA), Norton, Matchless, Rudge, and AJS competed. at events. Intense competition over rough terrain led to technical improvements in motorcycles. Rigid frames acquired suspension in the 1930s, and forks and rear suspension appeared in the 1950s, several years before they were incorporated into most street bikes.5 The post-WWII period was dominated by the BSA which had become the largest motorcycle company in the world BSA competitors dominated the competitions in the 1940s. In 1952, the International Motorcycle Federation (FIM), the international governing body of motorcycling, created an individual European Championship using a = "Motocross goes International 1947 through 1965" /> In 1956 the status of the world championship was improved. In 1962, a 250 world championship was created.5 The 250 cc category was the smallest category of motorcycle companies that had two-stroke engines. Companies like Husqvarna from Sweden, CZ from the former Czechoslovakia and Greeves from England, became popular due to their brilliance and agility. In the 1960s, advances in two-stroke engine technology meant that the heavier, 4-stroke engine was reaching niche competitions. Motorcyclists from Belgium and Sweden began to dominate the races during this period. The motocross was introduced to the United States in 1966 when the Swedish champion, Torsten Hallman put on an exhibition against American motorcyclists at Corriganville Movie Ranch also known as Hopetown in Simi Valley, California. The following year Hallman was followed by other motocross stars including Roger De Coster, Joël Robert, and Dave Bickers. They dominated the event placing their lightweight two-stroke in the top 6. Motocross began to grow in popularity in the United States during this time, fueling a great growth in the sport. In the late 1960s, Japanese motorcycle companies began to challenge European factories for supremacy in the world of motocross. Suzuki held the first world championship for a Japanese factory when Joël Robert won the 1970 250cc championship. The first indoor motocross event was held in 1972 at the Los Angeles Coliseum. In 1975, a 125cc world championship was introduced. European riders continued to dominate motocross throughout the 1970s, but by the 1980s American riders improved their level and began winning international competitions. During the 1970s and 1980s, Japan's motorcycle industry went through a period of great technological expansion. Typical rear suspension double shock air-cooled two-stroke machines gave way to new machines that were liquid-cooled and equipped with a single shock absorber rear suspension shock. By 2003, increasingly stringent environmental laws in California forced some manufacturers to develop environment-friendly technology that was four-stroke. By 2004, the major producers had started manufacturing the four-stroke machines. European companies also saw a resurgence with Husqvarna, Husaberg and KTM world championship winners with four-stroke machines. The sport began to evolve and was divided into sub-disciplines, such as stadium events, namely supercross and arenacross held in indoor arenas. Categories were also created for freestyle motorcycling, which are events where motorcyclists do not compete in races but are judged on the jumps and stunts they perform and which have gained a lot of popularity, as well as the supermoto category, where motocross machines they race off the track, on asphalt. VMX motocross races are typically held with pre-1975 model motorcycles. Many VMX races also include a "vintage advertisement" portion, typically including motorcycles dating back to 1983. After analyzing this sport so much from a scientific point of view, I can define it as follows: “Motocross is a highly demanding physical, mental and emotional motor sport, with a predominance of combined physical abilities over a Cross motorcycle, which can be performed in all kinds of environmental conditions, where the objective is to finish or reach the goal. , First." This sport combines the different physical capacities to be able to have a better control on the motorcycle in the face of the different variants of the terrain on the track (mounds, tight curves, potholes, surface changes such as sand, mud, stones, etc.) these physical capacities that The predominant features are: strength, aerobic and anaerobic endurance, proprioception, independent coordination, agility or dexterity, and technical abilities on the motorcycle are: speed, cornering, reaction, posture, peripheral vision, concentration, flexibility. Due to the competition time that is variable according to the category in which it is competed, ranging from 8 minutes to 35 minutes, where cyclical and interval movements are performed (movements that are not repeated as in the case of swimming, road cycling, running) since multiple movements are made coordinated to the need of the motorcycle on the track, such as standing, sitting, curving and activating obliques, etc. activation of anaerobic resistance metabolism is required, that is, it will depend on a long-duration training but in an anaerobic or non-oxygen-dependent system, with a heart rate percentage above 85% (anaerobic threshold) that is, using high intensity exercises , short duration but with repetitive or interval loads similar to the competition time. The most activated or predominant muscle groups are hip extensors, glutes, quadriceps, hamstrings (main knee stabilizers) as well as shoulder rotators and finger flexors (forearm) but not least an adequate activation of the center of gravity that is found in CORE. For which resistance strength training is suggested, first by developing maximum strength, that is, to overcome a certain resistance with the least possible effort (1 to 3 reps of maximum weight) and later to increase the resistance of that force. Sounds complicated right? It is very complicated, so you must base your training on loads that are dosed specifically for you by a professional and based on your sports goals. You should not be guided by training loads from the internet or social networks, because each body is different.
Now not everything is physical work, we must also develop mental work with exercises that speed up our decisions on the motorcycle, proprioception training, balance, coordination, mental dexterity and agility, I recommend it at least twice a week, later I will share with you what each of them consists of.
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It is a team sport created specifically for people who are blind or have low vision. Therefore, unlike others, it is not an adapted sport. It is the only Paralympic sport with this feature. Goalball is played as a team and basically consists of scoring goals in the opponent's goal from the field itself. For this, a ball is used that produces sound and that allows players to know their position on the court. Precisely because of this need to listen, the public and the players themselves must be silent throughout the game. Only celebrations, applause and shouting are allowed after the goals. History and Origin The history of Goalball dates back to 1946, after World War II. It was then that the German Hans Lorenzen and the Austrian Seep Reindl invented it as a rehabilitation program for veterans who had gone blind or had lost much of their vision. Its purpose was that these people could develop the ability to concentrate while remaining physically active. Although the origin of Golbol was therapeutic, it did not take long to become a competitive sport, and by the 1950s and 1960s, the organization of tournaments was common. When the Paralympic Games came to Germany in 1972, it was one of the exhibition events. It was so successful that in the next edition, Toronto 1976, it was already part of the official Paralympic program, although it took until 1984 for women to compete as well. The first Goalball World Championship was held in Austria in 1978, and since then, it has been held every 4 years, halfway between editions of the Paralympic Games. Official organizations In 1981, the International Blind Sports Federation (IBSA) was created to manage and organize the different sports practiced by people with visual disabilities. A year later, this federation organized the Goalball Subcommittee, still active. Its main tasks are the periodic review of the game regulations, the training of referees and officials, the dissemination and promotion of the game, as well as the sanction of all official international competitions. In Spain, the one in charge of managing Golbol is the FEDC (Spanish Federation of Sports for the Blind), which emerged in 1990 thanks to a legislative change. Previously, this sport was governed by the Spanish Federation of Sports for the Disabled in collaboration with the ONCE (National Organization of the Spanish Blind). Golbol Elements As in many sports, the national and international Goalball rules differ between them. For this reason, in this article we will focus on the Official IBSA Regulations, which are used in international competitions such as Paralympic Games and World Championships. Game Time and Score A Goalball match is divided into 2 halves of 12 minutes each. This time is tried to be as real as possible, so the clock stops during fouls or if there is any circumstance that causes the game to stop. Each goal in the opposing goal adds a point to the scoreboard. At the end of the game, the team that has accumulated the most wins. However, if at any time there are 10 goals difference, the game is over, regardless of the time that has been played. If, on the contrary, the end is reached with a tie, two complementary times of 3 minutes each are played. During them, the so-called Golden Goal is used, that is, the first team to score wins. In case equality is maintained, the result is decided by penalties. Penalties During penalties, there is only one player from each team on the court. One that shoots and one that tries to stop. But unlike other sports, in Goalball all players perform both functions. The penalty shootout begins with a list of players provided by each coach. The shortest determines the maximum number of throws to be made. The top two players on each list are on the court. One of them executes the first pitch, while the other tries to stop it. Then the roles are reversed. The process continues with the following players until reaching the end of the established penalties. The team that has managed to add the most goals wins. If extra shots are needed, they are executed in the same way until one of the teams scores and the other fails. Goalball court
The Goalball field is 9 meters wide by 18 meters long. Since they are the same measurements as a volleyball court, it is common for these courts to be used. The length of the playing area is divided into 6 zones of 3 meters each: The areas closest to each goal are called defense or orientation zones. Next are the landing zones. Finally, the two most central are the neutral zones. The defense and landing zone of the same side form the so-called team area. Additionally, within the defense areas there are 6 marks that allow players to orient themselves and locate themselves within them. Three are located along the line that separates the targeting area from the landing area. One in the center of the goal line and another two, one in each side line. All lines on the Goalball field are embossed so players can feel them tactilely and easily orient themselves. Skateboarding (or short skateboarding) is a sport that consists of moving on a board on the ground or on surfaces enabled for its practice such as ramps, pots or bars among many others. During the movement you can perform several tricks, these tricks consist of lifting the table from the ground and doing figures, positions or pirouettes in the air. Beginnings of skateboarding The first skaters emerged in the late 1940s by California surfers who realized during the days without waves that they did not have the option of practicing their favorite sport. Nobody knows for sure who created the first board since several surfers had similar ideas at the same time. The first skateboards made were made by a Los Angeles, California surf shop and were more similar to a surfboard with roller blades. The idea was for surfers to have something to entertain themselves during downtime. This is why at first skateboarding was considered like surfing in the street and the first skaters had a more surfer technique than today. In the 1960s, small surfboard manufacturers in Southern California began to build skateboards more professionally. Teams began to be assembled to sponsor the sport. Also, a little American TV show called "Surf's Up" helped promote skateboarding as something new, fresh, and fun to do among young people. 1970s: the evolution of skateboarding During the 70s, various improvements in the construction of skateboards began to be developed, starting with new wheels made of polyurethane much lighter than the existing ones up to that moment that were more metallic. This change was vital in the popularization of skateboarding, since these new wheels significantly improved traction and grip, which made movements on the board more agile and dynamic. It is here where the technique on the skateboard begins to evolve as a new style different from surfing. During this stage, skateparks did not yet exist, so skaters gathered in urban places such as reservoirs, swimming pools, esplanades, stairs and railings. This beginning is what makes skateboarding an urban and alternative sport since while other sports have their specific space to practice it, it is practiced in any urban area where the conditions exist to be able to skate on the board. In the mid-1970s many companies began to manufacture axles especially for the new style of skateboard that had just been born with the change of the new wheels. And as the skateboard became more manageable, the boards began to get wider in order to have more control of movements. At the end of the 70s they began to hold skateboarding contests and it was here that some skaters began to live more or less professionally since the contests gave cash prizes to the participants. Especially relevant was the "The California Free Former World Professional Skateboard Championships" contest, which originally featured Freestyle and Slalom competitions. At this stage it was also when the descent by skateboarding on mountain roads began to become popular, in fact these descents began to count in the Guinness book of records with the first descending speeds of 80 km / h on the skateboard. Many skaters, in their eagerness to overcome these records and due to the quality of the axles, wheels and boards at that time, had dramatic accidents which did not help the reputation of skateboarding since it was also not common to use protections such as helmets. knee pads, gloves, wrist or elbow pads. In March 1976 a historic event occurs: the first two skateparks in the world are built. Specifically in Port Orange, Florida and in San Diego, California. They were inaugurated just one week apart. In the next five years, more than 200 skateparks were built since it was considered a good investment for society. Manufacturers began to experiment with new compounds such as fiberglass and aluminum, although normal skates were still made of increasingly lightweight maple wood. With all these improvements in the boards the skaters began to invent new tricks, much more acrobatic and even dangerous in some cases. Skateboarding today
During the 2000s, skateboarding was so popular in the United States that more young people under the age of 18 were skateboarding than playing baseball, even though the sports promoted in schools were still team sports. It is here that some schools begin to implement in their sports programs related to skate what helps students to avoid truancy improves discipline and confidence. They also promote skateboarding as a healthy activity for the strengthening of muscles and bones by health authorities. Another positive impact that psychologists realize is that skateboarding improves respect among young people and helps them connect socially with other people within the good atmosphere generated by this sport. In 2003, Go Skateboarding Day was founded in Southern California by the International Association of Skateboard Companies to promote skateboarding around the world. It is celebrated annually on June 21. At SkateSpain we also celebrate it with offers for skaters. Currently, more and more cities and towns have skatepark construction projects in their urban planning and green areas plans since the benefits that skateboarding brings to society have already been widely demonstrated. One of the largest skateparks built in the world is in China and has 12m2 with 5000 seats in the stands. In recent years, barefoot board skating has been reborn (remember that the first skateboards similar to surfboards were in many cases skating barefoot) due to the heat in summer in hotter countries or the possibility of walking around the beach, although the best option is still to use suitable skate shoes as they allow better grip and traction with the deck of the board. For this, brands such as Vans, DC Shoes, Globe or recently Nike SB manufacture specific models for skateboarding. In addition, these models are designed to be fashionable, so it is not necessary to skate to wear them. The quality and comfort are such that they are perfect for any occasion. After a long time being demanded by more and more public, finally on August 3, 2016 the IOC approved the incorporation of skateboarding as an Olympic sport. It will be in Tokyo 2020 when we will have the opportunity to see one of the best sports competitions. The verb to skate, meanwhile, refers to moving on a surface through the use of a device with wheels or thanks to how slippery the ground is. As a sport, skating is a discipline whose essential characteristic is the use of skates on the feet. According to the surface on which it is made, the skates (which is the footwear that is used for the displacement) will present different characteristics. Roller skating can take place on various surfaces (a concrete track, a street, a plaza, etc.). Traditional skates have two axles with four wheels each, while inline skates (also known as rollers) have all four wheels on the same axle. In the case of ice skating, the skates have a blade. In addition to all the above, we cannot overlook the existence of the so-called street skating either. Having fun and moving comfortably and quickly around the city are the fundamental objectives of this discipline that is carried out by using hard-booted skates. It includes different variants, as would be the case, for example, of the so-called "night skating", which is the one practiced on the street. In this way, the large volume of traffic and passers-by is avoided, which means that you can ride on skates with much greater safety. In the same way, we must not forget another very significant variety in skating that, in recent years, is achieving a notable increase in the number of people who practice it. This is the so-called freestyle slalom. This consists of a variant of inline skating and basically consists of performing different tricks, demonstrating coordination or speed, around plastic cones that are placed one behind the other. In Europe this modality is achieving great success, in which both the music and the technique of the skater play a fundamental role. Of course this has to demonstrate also its fluidity, its rhythm and its style. As for sports competition, skating can be developed in different ways. There are speed competitions, in which athletes participate in a race to get first place or record the shortest time. There is also figure skating, with a jury evaluating the skaters' tricks and movements. Skating also appears in sports such as roller hockey and ice hockey. Also do not forget about roller derby, a roller skating sport that is typical of the United States and is also identified as being contact, requiring great teamwork. It takes place on an oval-shaped track and is usually feminine. BEGINNINGS OF SKATING The beginnings of roller skating have nothing to do with current skating. In 1733 the first roller skates were created. They were shoes that were on metal wheels, so H0ans Brinker, its creator, could not imagine that as a result of his idea, figure skating, speed skating, inline hockey and roller hockey would appear. SKATING: AEROBIC SPORT Skating is a sport that requires a perfect combination of mind and body and at the same time a high sensory-motor coordination that compromises, develops and sharpens the sense of balance, as well as the management of space, hence in part it is a sport closely related to aerobics. Skating is a sport that consists of sliding on a regular surface using skates placed on the feet. Skating is known as an aerobic sport because it requires constant rhythms of oxygen but it is also anaerobic due to the need to explode at a given moment in short tests. Skating is a mixture of strength, skill and endurance, in which the action of the muscles and joints is very important to give flexion and extension movements. BENEFITS OF SKATING
Skating is a sport that is fun and at the same time has many benefits that can be used by both children and adults. Among the main benefits of skating we have: Skating helps strengthen the legs, improving muscle tone. Skating helps burn a lot of calories. In half an hour of skating, at a steady and moderate speed you can burn up to 300 calories. Skating improves your physical resistance and exercises your balance, which is the basis of this sport. During skating the lungs and heart are strengthened. Skating, compared to running (jogging), causes 50% less impact to the joints. Skating increases motor coordination, being able to generate figures and perform turns. Skating shapes and strengthens the waist, abdomen and buttocks. Skating activates blood circulation. By working the heart, it becomes stronger and pumps harder with each beat it gives, which nourishes our cells more frequently, and the gas exchange improves and our respiratory condition will increase. Skating acts as a natural stressor. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SKATING Skating is a sport that requires, as we have already said, a lot of concentration and sensory-motor coordination. You must take certain precautions into account to move safely and confidently. To avoid getting hurt during the practice of this sport, it is recommended: Always skate using a helmet, knee pads and elbow pads. These are important protective accessories during the practice of this sport in case you lose your balance and fall. Wear rigid plastic wristbands to hold the joint in place and prevent a fracture or dislocation, at home from a fall. Likewise, it must have protection in the palm of the hand to protect it during possible falls. Avoid skating on dangerous surfaces such as sand, stones, sticks, leaves, spilled oil, wet floors or others. If you skate at night, use reflective lights. It is preferable that you skate in spaces created exclusively for the practice of this sport than that you go out on the street in the middle of traffic. Do not hold onto cars or bicycles when running on skates. It is good to have a company while you skate, so while you exercise you talk with your companion and make the practice of this sport more fun, or you can skate accompanied by music. Cycling History The history of cycling dates back to the end of the 19th century, more or less from 1890. This is because bicycles began to develop more rapidly at that time in an attempt to perfect that means of transportation. With these advances, it became possible to achieve higher speeds with bicycles, increasingly lighter and less expensive. The sport had an English origin, but from early on the main tests arose in France, which adhered very well to this modality and the participants took advantage of the mountainous terrain to challenge themselves. Cycling Types Over the years, more and more variants of this sport emerged, which were also changing the characteristics of the bicycles so that they were better adapted to a certain activity. The main variants of cycling are as follows: Road cycling This is the oldest and it was where cycling began to emerge. We will talk more about this type in this article and its characteristics. The tests are carried out on the road, with light and aerodynamic bicycles, so that cyclists can reach higher speeds and travel longer distances. When it comes to cycling, the vast majority of people associate this variant, and its popularity is immense, having as one of its high points each year the Tour de France, which is considered the most important event on the world circuit. Cycling tests In road cycling, the tests can also vary greatly between them and even in the same test, if it has several stages. Let's see what kind of evidence exists. One-day test: This is only made up of one stage, since you can give everything for everything to get as fast as possible and thus win the test. Normally they are not so important and many of them are more for a little recreational purpose or represent something, like a tribute to a former cyclist. Staged test: These are the most common, having the test several stages (or races) and the objective is to finish in the shortest possible time but adding the times of all the stages. Something very important in this type of competition is teamwork (despite the fact that cycling is individual) and knowing how to assess which stages to bet more or less on. Against the clock: Already in these races, instead of all starting at the same time and whoever arrives first wins, here the cyclists start individually and only want to get to the finish line as fast as possible. There are cyclists who are experts in this type of race. These races can be only one day or one stage of a test, being much shorter than a normal race, normally ranging from 20 to 60km away. Marathons: Marathons are proof that many of the common cyclists do not, and the vast majority of people who do them are cyclists who only go long distances. Cycling Teams
The main element for cycling is the bicycle, of course. But since this is an activity that can be done in quite rugged terrain and in conditions that are a little difficult for the human body, the use of some protection elements is also recommended. Let's see all the elements for cycling (more specifically on the road): bicycle These are made with a very aerodynamic design and made of fairly light but at the same time resistant materials. If repaired, the road bike is the only one with super-thin tires, all in an attempt to achieve higher speeds when riding. Protection gloves These serve to protect your hands in the event of a fall but also to improve the grip of the palm of your hand with the handlebars, covering them same palm and not the fingers. Helmet As it could not stop being, the helmet should not be missing. This is obviously used to protect your head in the event of a fall, as it is quite vital and the non-use of the helmet represents a great risk to your health. Roupa The clothing of the cyclists is also quite different from normal. What should be noted is that they adapt well to your body, thus reducing any unnecessary wind resistance and are also made with a material that regulates your body temperature and protects you from prolonged exposure to the Sun. Mountain biking, considered a risky sport, is a competition cycling done on natural circuits, generally through forests on narrow roads with steep slopes and very fast descents. The bikes are usually made of aluminum, titanium, carbon or other alloys as light as possible, they have a front suspension that is on the fork, with travel from 100 to 180mm, which can be spring, oil, air or both systems combined; some also use rear wheel suspension, usually with an articulation system in the bicycle frame; By the end of the first decade of the 21st century, most used 9-speed shifting on the rear wheel sprocket (cassette) and 3-chainwheel gears. Later in the market, bicycles with two-forward wheels and cassette games, 10 and 11-speed on the rear axle, began to be commercialized; in 2015, it entered the market with the single-deck Catalina with cassettes of 11 and 12 speeds. These configurations are always at the athlete's choice, the advancement of technology allowed more relationships to be accommodated in the cassette to simplify the Catalina and make the relationship management easier by bringing them to a single actuator on the handlebar unlike traditional systems with relationships in the cassette and also in the catalyst that require two more complex and expensive actuators or automated electromechanical systems. The brake is actuated through a lever located on the handlebar. Until the end of the 20th century, only rim brakes had been seen, with rubber or rubber pads, operated by a steel cable or rope. Bas Peters downhill during the 2008 Zoetermeer Netherlands National Championship. Starting in the 20th century, disc brakes began to be used, which are made up of a reduced diameter disc fixed to the wheel axle that is also actuated by cranks and steel cables or later by hydraulic systems. Disc brakes are much safer but not lighter. The use of safety elements such as a special helmet, long finger gloves, clip pedals and special shoes for this type of pedal is highly recommended. Torso, elbow and knee protectors. Some of the specialties and competitions are regulated by the UCI (International Cycling Union) while others are played in a friendly way. Specialties Within the competition mountain bike, the following main specialties are distinguished (some classified by the UCI as professionals). Cross country or rally Main article: Cross country The mountain bike cross country or rally (Cross country, XC) are competitions for ascending and descending terrain. They are usually contested on circuits 10-100 km long and in some cases several laps are made. All the runners left at the same time. Here the average pulsations are usually between 170-180 ppm. It is usually the most common competitive specialty of mountain biking, in fact in the name of these competitions the specific specialty is usually omitted and using the generic "mountain biking" it is understood that it refers to this specialty. The Olympic specialty, with Olympic distances and rules, carries the XCO (Cross-country Olympic) code. Cross country by teams It is a race in which several runners from a team compete giving each other relay once they reach the finish line (XCR code). Offroad elimination It is a race in which the last one to reach the finish line (XCE code) is eliminated. Decline
The descent (Downhill, DH code) is a specialty from the cross country for 4 (Four cross). Downhill route with jumps and obstacles, both natural and artificial, of medium or high technical difficulty, in which the runners fight against the chronometer individually, making the lift by mechanical means (chair lifts or trucks). Downhill there have been several types of bicycle speed records. The bicycles have front suspension with 200 mm and rear from 200 mm to 267 mm of travel, this allows better absorption of impacts when dealing with a natural or artificial object such as jumps, as well as 203 disc brakes mm too, allowing greater braking efficiency. The wheel covers are thicker (usually 2.35 to 2.5 inches) to ensure maximum grip, and the widest handlebar (between 760 and 810 mm) for greater control of the bike. In addition to this, most are in titanium, carbon and aluminum alloys. The protections that are used in this type of events are the full face helmet, gloves, knee and shin guards, breastplate (suit that includes column, chest and rib protector, shoulder pads, elbow pads and wristbands), neck protector and ski-like goggles. and motocross. In recent years, urban descent races have been held with more and more participants and followers; that is, descent through a circuit previously prepared by the city. Among the most famous are that of Valparaíso Cerro Abajo (Chile). Ladder rancing is an activity that, as its name implies, has the purpose of climbing a ladder in the shortest possible time. In this case, it is the well-known fire ladders. It certainly takes practice to climb as fast as possible without falling to the ground. Ladder racing is practiced without any safety equipment such as the rope, carabiner and harness. Instead, the participants only have their hands, feet and good technique to hold on to the ladder and climb quickly. In competitions where higher structures are available, that is, where the goal is higher, a safety net has been installed to prevent serious injury or death to the players. It should be noted that the practice has been developed in this way because its creators were the fire departments of the United States. Thus, this recognized and respected guild of society found itself with the need to fill part of their free time, giving way to ladder racing. In this way, the activity emerged as a way to combine the training and typical skills required for the daily life of the firefighter with fun and healthy competition. In fact, the fights between the different fire departments are known. Rules for its execution The rules are very simple, there is a structure that is generally divided into three levels, the height of the levels is based on the height of the ladder to be used in the competition. Thus, the participants have long stairs in hand and when the split signal sounds, they must run until they reach the platform ready to be climbed. While there, players hook the ladder to the top of the first level of the structure and quickly climb. When they reach the first level, they move the ladder and hook it to the second level to repeat the action until they reach the goal. Other versions Although this is the best known version, there are other variants of this practice. For example, where the ladder is at an angle of approximately 45 degrees to the wall. In this mode, the participants do not run with the ladder in hand because it is tied to the platform, so they only go up one level. Also, there is another modality where the participants are in a moving car, it stops under an aerial structure so that the climbers quickly get out of the car and proceed to place the ladder on the ground and lean it from the platform and thus climb Hurry, all this in seconds. This recreational practice is native to New York. The New York State Fire Team Captains Association State Championship is held in this city and is held every August.
Due to its high intensity, it is advisable to practice it only accompanied by a wrist heart rate monitor, to keep the effort controlled at all times. There is a wide variety of Garmin watches suitable for that function. It has more than 60 teams and the final prize is obtained by the team with the highest number of accumulated points from the events. One of the most prominent teams are the Richmond West Side New York flyers, who have won the state championship 11 times. The first games of "balls" and "wooden maces" were played in England and Europe during the Middle Ages. Games typically involved only one ball being struck through very wide rings. French peasants played a game similar to Croquet in the 13th century, using rudimentary wooden maces that hammered wooden balls through rings made from willow branches, but the modern game is attributed to the Irish where, a game called Crooky it had been practiced since 1830. In 1852, he returned to England where he became popular with women since they could play outdoors with men on an equal footing. Spread through the networks of British imperialism, spreading through colonies and areas of English influence. In the 19th century, when the expansion of the game began on an international scale, Great Britain had a large number of colonies and relations with practically all the States of the world. It was practiced by the sailors and military of the ships that sailed the seas for military or commercial purposes. Upon reaching a certain destination, they practiced this sport in their free time, being able to be observed by the inhabitants of the town. The countries where today it is practiced at a certain level are, in addition to England: Australia, India, New Zealand, Pakistan, South Africa and the Caribbean islands. Australia, a continent first used as a British prison colony, over time becomes populated by new settlers with the desire to cultivate a part of the new territory. For its part, India knows the game through colonists and the English army. By 1870, the game had reached virtually all colonies and its popularity was growing, following the longstanding trend of being especially popular with women. Around this time, the game was condemned by the Church from the pulpits, and in fact, its practice was prohibited in some sports clubs. In the past 20 years there has been a resurgence, particularly among young people. Bearing in mind that croquet adopts a particular way of playing, according to the culture in which it is inserted and understanding that a professional technique requires complex rules and codes, a regulation with global instructions - basic for a friendly game - is detailed below. How to play: The basic equipment for 4 participants consists of: 4 75 cm. Wooden mallets, 4 balls of 7 cm diameter differentiated, 6 bows 15 cm high on a 6 mm rod. and 2 stakes for departure and arrival. You can add: more clubs and balls, a wooden pot to place the stakes, a skewer or a cart to transport all the equipment. It admits the participation of as many players as decks the game has. To begin, define if you are going to play on the field freely or otherwise, put together a 6 x 10 meter court. The sides or limits of the field are referred to as the geographical cardinal points (north south east and west) not necessarily coinciding with the actual magnetic orientation. On the south side of this field and on the line, place in the center (3 meters from either side) the starting stake, in front of it and 1 meter from the first arch. Starting again from the South limit, place the rest of the arches remembering that all must be 1 meter from the nearest lateral line. The steps are: on the East and 2 meters. an arch, on the west and 3 meters. Other. In the center of the court (5 meters from the baseline and 3 from the lateral limits) place the fourth goal, at 8 meters. on the East one more and at 9 meters. on the West the last. To finish on the north side, place the finish stake on the center of the line. The arches can be placed in parallel with the bottom lines or, with the prior agreement of the players, and to increase or decrease the degree of difficulty, diagonally (for or against the route to be taken). After the court is built, raffle who will start 1st, who 2nd, etc. Each player is identified with a ball which will be used throughout the game. If playing in teams, the starting order alternates 1-3 and 2-4. The objective of the game is to be the participant in completing the entire route established or in the shortest possible time or with the fewest strokes. To start the same, place the ball of whoever starts 10 cm between the starting stake and give as many hits as necessary to cross the first arc. If he manages to pass it, he gets a "supplementary shot" or "free hit", if not, he leaves his ball where it was after the shot and gives the turn to the next player who starts in the established way. The first "free hit" is a special type of shot called "croquet" and the second is a common hit. All players take a stroke in turn unless they pierce a goal or touch a ball of another participant. If a ball touches another "Croquet" the player has the right to choose between: giving 2 "free strokes" or a new stroke to the touched ball (with the purpose of removing it from the court or moving it away from the arches). If the second option is chosen, the one who makes the hit to the touched ball, puts his ball directly against the touched ball. The player then holds his ball with his foot and hits it so that the ball touched is in a disadvantageous position. If played in teams, this second possibility allows the partner's ball to be brought closer to a goal or to the stake. After this, the next player continues. When any ball leaves the playing perimeter, it must be started from the beginning. After the players have crossed all the arches to the North to win, they must hit a "croak" to each of the player's balls before finishing the game, touching, now, the arrival stake. If the player strikes the stake before touching the other balls, he must return to the last pierced arc and continue from there. The passage of a ball through the goal is counted when it passes it completely, if it does not do so, it must wait its turn. Remember that it is about making the journey using the least amount of blows possible. Keep in mind that the order established in the placement of the arches is the number of the arches and therefore, they must be traversed in that order. Others simplify the game by avoiding the rule of cropping other players' balls before winning. There are those who also make the round trip to stretch the playing time. Miscellaneous clarifications: If a ball touches more than one ball during a stroke, only the first ball struck is considered to have been struck. If one ball collides with another and then an arc passes, only the croquet is counted and the arc is considered not to have been passed. Continuation strokes are not cumulative, so, for example, if a croquet causes the player's ball to collide with another ball, play continues with another croquet followed by a continuation stroke. A player may hit another ball within an arc or to the stake and if the arc or the stake are the ball's next target, they count. The intention of a player is sometimes to deliberately try to do this to prevent the other team from advancing or to collide with other balls to get additional shots and croquettes, continuing their turn indefinitely. Such an advance is called a "break". In this, Croquet is similar to Billiards and Pool, where players carefully try to establish the next shots. "Complete Break" would be the case of the player who manages to cross the entire circuit without losing his turn, and not being forced to hit the balls of the opposing players, goes directly to the stake. And finally, if a ball goes through one ring in the wrong direction, it cannot go to the next until it has been crossed correctly. As an alternative, you can turn the ring and enter on the correct side.
This game can be ended in one game or by agreeing how many: accumulate shots on a scoreboard so that the one with the least hits throughout the tournament ... wins. As its name suggests, American football originates from an American country, the United States. It is a sport that emerged in the late nineteenth century as a variant of British rugby, which in turn is a different version of football. The history of American football dates back to the earliest versions of rugby and football, as all sports originate from some varieties of football played in the United Kingdom in the mid-19th century, in which a ball was kicked into goalposts. Just like in football, American football has 22 players on the field of play. Even the names of various positions of soccer players are used in American football, such as the terms halfback (runner) and fullback (power broker in Latin America). American football is the result of divergences from rugby, mainly due to the changes in the rules instituted by Walter Camp, who is considered the father of American football. Among the most important changes are the introduction of the scrimmage line (literally, confrontation line), and downs or attempts. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the game method developed by college coaches such as Amos Alonzo Stagg and Glenn "Pop" Warner helped take advantage of the new forward pass rule (previously it was only passed backwards, such as in rugby). . College football's popularity grew to become the dominant version of the sport in the first half of the 20th century. Bowls, a tradition of college football, attracted a national audience in the United States for college teams. Reinforced by fierce rivalries, college football still maintains a very remarkable overall appeal within the United States. However, it must date back to 1892 to trace the origin of professional football, the date of the $ 500 contract signed by William "Pudge" Heffelfinger to play in an Allegheny Athletic Association game against the Pittsburgh Athletic Club. In 1920 the American Professional Football Association was established. The first game took place in Dayton, Ohio, on October 3, 1920 with the home team, the Dayton Triangles, beating the Columbus Panhandles 14-0. The league later changed its name to its current name, the National Football League, two years later, to become the most influential professional league in American football and to be considered the most lucrative sports league in the world. Having started in the industrial cities of the Midwest, football has become a media phenomenon not just in the United States. The growing popularity of the sport can generally be traced back to the 1958 NFL Championship Game. The rival NFL league, the American Football League (AFL), began in 1960. The competition represented by this new competition led to a merger between the two leagues in 1970 and the emergence of a unified championship, in which the old separate leagues became two conferences (National and American respectively) of the new NFL, and whose champions face each other in a final called Super Bowl, which has become the most watched sporting event globally, with figures that increase from year to year. American football is currently very popular in the United States, something that the sport has achieved thanks to its great historical evolution briefly discussed in the previous sections. Its spectacular nature makes it a very attractive sport for most of the Americans. Therefore, it could be firmly said that, together with basketball and baseball, it is the most important sport in the country. It is very common for students to practice it in universities, and it is also very followed by large majority of Americans. For this reason, the university leagues have become great shows attended by hundreds of people. However, American football is also very famous in Canada, where they also have a great league. Basic rules Two teams of 11 players each face each other on a 100-yard court divided into 10 equal parts and for four 15-minute periods. The main objective of the game is for each team to take the oval ball to the other end of the field to score a goal, a touchdown. Each team has four opportunities or downs to advance 10 yards, which are marked on the field of play. If 10 yards or more is advanced, there are four other opportunities to move the ball forward, which can be done in several ways (running with the ball in hand or passing the ball forward to another player). At the same time, the opposing team tries to prevent the ball from advancing. In this way, the members of each team try to advance their position while the rivals try to prevent it. Strategic games, in which to anticipate the opponent's moves In the event that after 3 attempts they have failed to advance 10 yards, they will most likely kick the ball away from the end zone. If they manage to advance with the ball towards the opposite extreme zone, a touchdown will be scored, which is worth 6 points or 7 points if they kick the ball and it crosses the posts of the rival goal. Another option is to kick a field goal on the fourth opportunity, as long as the team is near the posts and has failed to advance 10 yards on the previous three opportunities (in this case the goal is worth 3 points). Interception? Fumble?
The team that has possession of the ball may suddenly lose it when two events occur that are usually very dramatic. Intercept: When the quarterback throws an air pass to his receiver, rivals will seek to steal it before it reaches its destination; if they succeed, they will have intercepted it and try to run in the opposite direction to score. Loose ball: a player in possession of the ball may lose it due to an oversight or a tackle by the opponent, which generates a loose ball situation; all the players will try their best to keep the ball in a very spectacular fight. The referees On and off the court there are multiple referees or umpires who have the power to flag a rule violation. They use a yellow scarf to indicate that there was a foul and the chief referee - identifiable because he wears a white cap - communicates the refereeing decisions through a microphone. Terminology In each sport there are a series of terms that are necessary to understand the dynamics of the game and all the culture related to it. As for the players, there are the attackers (known as quarterback), the receivers are the wide receivers, the fastest are the runningbacks and the center is the one that puts the ball in play. In the media it is very common to talk about the All Pro Team, which would be the ideal team. Assistant coaches are called assistant coaches. The visiting team is the Away game and one of the main judges of the match is the back judge. Lacrosse is a sport that shares similarities with hockey, but also with other types of racket, and its practice is very common in the United States and Canada, although more and more countries, including Spain, have been encouraged to create their Own teams of this fast and fun game that consists of catching the rubber ball with a stick ending in a net to score goals on the contrary. The origin of this sport is in the southern zone of Canada and the North of the United States, and it began to be practiced by the indigenous tribes, who knew it as "Guh-Chee-Gwuh", as a practice related to their religious beliefs. Although much has changed since then - in those days it was much more violent and more than 100 people could play for days - it still maintains its essence intact. In our country it is little less than landing at a professional level, since it was not until 2017 when the Spanish women's team premiered in the lacrosse World Cup in the women's category, although they could not go as a Spanish team, so far only there are about seven teams, so the Higher Sports Council does not yet recognize it as such. Lacrosse rules According to World Lacrosse, the international federation of this sport, the lacrosse rules may have modifications depending on the place where it is played, whether it is outdoors or indoor (Box lacrosse), or if the participants are men or women, although the version female is the one that most closely resembles the original version of this activity. But in all cases, the main objective is to put the ball in the opposite goal to score a goal, all without touching it with your hands, but carrying it with a stick - a stick that ends with a spoon-shaped net, similar to a butterfly net - and the team that manages to score the most points in the established time will win. The contact between the participants is one of the points that drastically differentiates both categories; According to what Cristina Grijalba, Team Manager of the Spanish Women's Lacrosse Selection, has told us, in the men's category it is very marked, almost as if it were American football, and in the female case it is against all the rules to attack any of opponents, either with the body, or with the stick. In addition, it emphasizes that there are many differences between the masculine and feminine modality of this sport, which make them seem almost different. The matches officially last four quarters of 15 minutes each, with a 15-minute break, and 10 players participate in the male version - one goalkeeper, three defenders, three midfielders and three attackers - and 12 in the female version - one goalkeeper, six defenders. and five attackers. However, in Spain and in schools in countries where lacrosse is implemented, they can modify the time or the participants to adjust to their needs. The matches officially last four quarters of 15 minutes each, with a 15-minute break, and 10 players participate in the male version - one goalkeeper, three defenders, three midfielders and three attackers - and 12 in the female version - one goalkeeper, six defenders. and five attackers. However, in Spain and in schools in countries where lacrosse is implemented, they can modify the time or the participants to adjust to their needs. Restrictions on the field of play
In lacrosse you can pass the ball back and forth, just as you can move in both directions. However, there are some restrictions in the game, such as pushing, passing the stick close to the opponent's head, or throwing into the goal if there is a player in the path, in the female case, or hitting from behind or hit the stick above the neck area or below the hip, in the male modality. It should also be noted that when the referee whistles for the ball to come out of the lines of the field, all the players must remain still, since they will be the participant of the opposing team, and that they are closer to the area from which the ball was thrown. ball, whoever gets possession, and this is proven by all remaining as statues. Don't miss the next point if you want to know what it takes to participate in a lacrosse match. Softball appeared spontaneously among friends, in 1887, in Chicago. One of the boys threw a boxing glove at another, and the latter returned it to him by hitting him with a broomstick. One of the boys, named George Hacock, had the idea to play baseball indoors; They made two teams, drew the plate, home plate, tied the glove as if it were a ball and began to play. They had so much fun that they met again, a few days later Hacock had already written some special rules, and decided to give it the name of indoor baseball. During the winter it was widely used, and in the spring it was practiced both indoors and outdoors. Also appeared in 1895, in Miniápolis, a game similar to the one played in Chicago. Louis Robert tried to adapt the baseball regulations inside the firehouse, where he worked, to spend his free time. In 1900, the sport had become so popular in Minneapolis that the United States' first softball league was formed. It became popular throughout the country, associations were created, and in 1933 it was given the definitive name of Softball and the rules that today govern this sport. The ball is slightly larger than baseball, made from the same model: a nylon thread that surrounds a rubber and cork core. The set is covered with a latex layer on which two leather bands are sewn. The bat is generally made of an aluminum alloy. Softball is usually played on a grass and clay court known as a diamond since the indoor field, that is, the "home" and the three bases, is shaped like a diamond. Leather gloves are larger and wider than baseball gloves as they are used to catch a larger ball. Receivers play with padded gloves. Softball equipment Softball Bat Length: less than 86.4 cm Diameter: 5.7 cm at the widest part Weight: less than 1077 g. The Gloves of Softball Palm width (top): 20.3 cm Palm width (bottom): 21.6 cm Net top opening: 12.7 cm Net bottom opening: 11.5 cm Net length: 18.4 cm The Softball Ball Circumference: 28-30.8 cm Weight: greater than 178 g. It must be made of a piece of hard wood, or formed from a block of wood composed of two or more pieces of wood joined together, with a glue in such a way that the grain direction of all the pieces is parallel to the length of the bat. It will be metal, bamboo, plastic, graphite, carbon, magnesium, fiberglass, ceramic, or any other `composite material approved by the FIS Game Tool Standardization Commission. It must be made of a piece of hard wood, or formed from a block of wood composed of two or more pieces of wood joined together, with a glue in such a way that the grain direction of all the pieces is parallel to the length of the bat. It will be metal, bamboo, plastic, graphite, carbon, magnesium, fiberglass, ceramic, or any other `composite material approved by the FIS Game Tool Standardization Commission. Game form
A softball game is made up of seven innings. In each of them, each team consisting of nine players - bats and defends once. In the defense phase, each of the players occupies a position: pitcher (pitcher), catcher (catcher), first base, second base, third base, shortstop, leftfield (outside left), centerfield (outside center) and rightfield ( right exterior). The ball the pitcher throws must pass over the base called home plate and go between the batter's knees and armpits. If the ball passes through that zone and the batter does not hit it or the ball makes contact with his body, the referee will call a strike. If he does not pass through that zone and the batter does not move the bat, the referee will call a ball. When the batter hits the ball and sends it into the field, he has to run to first base. If you have sent the ball away you can keep running to second, third and even home plate. If he reaches home plate he gets a race. Previous batters may be on bases ahead of her and may in turn run to home plate. If the pitcher misses four balls or hits the batter with the ball, the batter advances directly to first base. If the pitcher makes three strikes (well-thrown balls that the batter does not hit), the batter is directly eliminated. Players defending on the field must eliminate the batter by stepping on the base they are heading to or touching the ball in the glove before the batter arrives. They also eliminate it by catching the air ball, which is called a fly. When three players are eliminated, the defending team goes on to bat and vice versa. The team with the most races at the end of the match wins. Brief description of the sport 1.- What does the practice of sport consist of? How is it played? Cricket is a sport played with a bat and a ball, in which two teams of 11 players face each other. The game is very similar to baseball, because the goal of the game is for a team hitting to get the maximum number of runs possible, and in turn the opposite aims to eliminate them. History 2.- What are the origins of the sport? Cricket is one of the most traditional sports in the United Kingdom, where it is known to have been practiced in the 16th century. It is a game normally associated with ancient knights. For this reason, until 1930, players were divided between professionals and, on the other hand, gentlemen, having different locker rooms in the stadiums and also different access doors to the playing area. 3.- When and where was it invented? Historians place the game's first meeting in 1478 and not exactly in the United Kingdom, but in Saint Omer, located in north-eastern France. 4.- Who or who were the inventors of the sport? It is believed to have been invented by children from the Sussex and Kent communities in the Middle Ages. 5.- First competitions. When and where was the first competition, the first world championship, league, etc. held? The first meeting took place in Coxheath, Kent, in 1646. In 1661 the Saint Albans Cricket Association was founded, led by the Earl of Salisbury, Surrey and Kent. The first world championship took place in 1975 in England. 6.- Olympic. When and where was it exhibited as a sport in an Olympiad and when and where did it become an Olympic sport? This game was only present at the Paris Olympics in 1900. 7.- Spain honors: as a team and / or with Spanish athletes. The best rankings obtained in competition by our Spanish representatives: positions, competitions, dates and places? Spain has never participated in any Cricket World Cup. Playing field 8.- How is the terrain where the sport is practiced: artificial track or field with some measurements; rivers, swamps, beaches or seas with certain characteristics; natural environment? It is played on an elliptical grass pitch. Always in perfect condition and its surface may be changeable although it should not be smaller than a soccer field. 9.- What are the zones, lines, spaces and areas called and how much do they measure? In the center of the field there is a rectangular area that is 3.4 m wide by 20.12 m long and where the action of the match remains mostly throughout. The surface of this field, called pitch, must be like that of a golf course, since before the batter hits the ball it must be thrown into the grass and if it is not perfectly mowed it is very difficult to give it the ball. a correct way and become dangerous. Participants 10.- Number of participants per competition. The players participating in teams are 11. 11.- How are they located on the field of play? How are they called? What characteristics differentiate a player in one position from another on the field of play? Batters: They stand in front of the Wickets and have to get as many runs as possible and protect the bails. Thrower - Stands on one side of the wicket and has to throw the ball in order to knock down the bails. Wicket keeper - stands behind a wicket on the opposite side of the pitcher and his duty is to collect the balls that the batter throws. 12.- What wardrobe should they wear? What implements are used (canes, sticks? Protections? Players must wear long pants, any sleeve shirts, a sweater and a cap with a visor or a protective helmet. In matches played with a red ball, clothing must be white or colored and vice versa. Batters and wicket keeper wear white gloves and pads to protect their legs from bumps. The cricket boots are made of leather and can have nails or rubber soles. The mobile and the goal 13.- How is the mobile and what are its characteristics: material, weight, color, shape (spherical, flat) etc.? Ball: lined with leather and measures 6 centimeters in diameter and has a mass of 165 grams. Bat: shaped like a paddle, made of willow wood; It is 96 cm long by 10.8 cm wide and has a reed handle. Wickets: they are two wickets that are located in the focus of the field one at each end of an area. They are 20 m long and 3 m wide and are each made up of three cylindrical bars, 71.1 cm high and 22.8 cm wide, nailed to the ground. On these bars 2 pieces of wood are installed, bails, which fall if the bars are hit by the ball. Regulation 14.- What are the faults? How are they sanctioned? Taking down with the ball any of the dances placed on the three sticks placed in turn behind the batter. It is usually enough to hit the poles so that the crossbars fall. Catching the ball before it falls to the surface once it has been hit by the batter. Using the mobile, he hits the sticks when the batter is running and the ball is picked up by a field player. If when hitting you have not held a foot on its base and when the blow fails, the opposing player collects the ball and knock down the slats. If the batter is placed between the sticks and the ball, making it impossible for them to be overthrown. If the batter fails to balance and runs into his wicket. If the batter manages the hands to touch the ball intentionally and without the consent of the opposing team. All fouls are sanctioned with the elimination of the one who commits them. Competition score and duration 15.- How is it scored? If the batter hits the ball and leaves without voting, it is 6 points. If it is bounced, four points belong. Each point is exchanged for a career. 16.- How long does the competition last: times and breaks? An international meeting can last between 5 or 6 days. The first matches 3 or 4 days. It is played 6 hours a day. In others, the duration is much shorter, from 2 days to an afternoon. All parties stop for half an hour for popular British tea and cucumber sandwiches. 17.- How is the winner designated? The team that has obtained the most races throughout the match proclaims itself the winner of the match. Technical gestures The striker's batter's primary concern is to prevent the ball from hitting the window and secondly to score runs by hitting the ball with the bat so that he and his partner have time to leave the end of the pitch to the other before that fielding can return the ball. To register a run, both runners must touch the ground behind the crease with either their bats or their bodies (the batsmen carry their bats as they run). To enter a race, two runners must touch the ground behind the line with either their poles or their organs the batters carry their bats while running, otherwise the race will be annulled. Tactic
18.- Most common game systems in defense and attack and development strategies (collective sports) Attack Tactical Principles. Send the ball to spaces where there is nobody, out of the reach of the field players and have more chances of running. Running at high speed to get a base or take a run. Throw the ball at the batter in a placed manner, with effect and force to avoid its hit. Defense Tactical Principles: Scroll quickly to pick up the phone. Distribute proportionately on the field of play to have more possibilities of catching the ball in less time. Move slightly to catch the ball. Golf is a sports and recreational activity whose main objective is to insert a small ball about 46 mm in diameter into a hole, this through the use of various clubs, specially made for the practice of this sport and classified according to the player's requirement. For a specific moment, it should be clarified that each golfer can only have a maximum of 14 clubs for each game, this sport is generally carried out on wide extensions of land where a total of 18 holes maximum and 9 minimum, being the winner who finishes introducing the ball into each of the holes and with the least amount of strokes possible. Generally, golf courses have 18 holes in total (in some cases they may be less), these holes must be classified numerically in succession and each of them must be different from each other in order to make the game more competitive. Between the point of the exit which is called "tee" and the green (area where clear and very low grass where the hole itself is located) there is a path called a street, in this area you can find various obstacles to what are known as bunkers (trees, traps, sand and lakes) that will make it more difficult to move the ball from one end to the other. At the ends of each hole is the raf, an unguarded area of tall grass, which makes it difficult to hit if the ball falls in that area. WHAT DOES GOLF CONSIST OF? If you are interested in knowing exactly what golf consists of, you should know that it is practiced on a natural field or grass pitch outdoors, which can be distributed up to 18 holes. When starting a game, the golfer uses a small support called a tee, which sticks into the ground, placing the ball on top. The player will use the tee to make the first stroke of each hole. Also, the blows that the player gives to the ball to approach the hole are called approach. The shots that go flush with the grass, generally aimed at the same hole, are known as putts. Regulatory golf balls have a diameter that varies between 42, 67 and 45.93 centimeters. Currently, most balls are made with a core of rolled rubber cord, in order to give them greater elasticity. Also, on the surface they have small dimples regularly distributed, which provide greater stability to the ball. This surface is normally made of balata, surlyn or zylin. There are different types of golf balls. The liquid core wound is made from a small liquid filled rubber, which is preferred by professionals. Multilayer balls, on the other hand, have a solid rubber heart, with an inner layer between the center and the cover. Generally, it is used for low handicaps. Lastly we have the two layer solid core ball which is ideal for medium and high handicaps. EQUIPMENT TO PLAY GOLF
It is essential to have a complete equipment to play golf and practice this sport in an optimal way. The main thing within any golf team, naturally, will be the clubs. The player may carry up to 14 clubs during the course of a game. There are different materials such as wood, steel or titanium. To load the clubs, it will be essential to have a special bag for this sport. This bag usually has a tubular shape, so it can be easily carried over the shoulder, as well as it has retractable legs to keep it standing. The bag is characterized by having a series of compartments that allow the sticks to be placed in an orderly manner, preventing them from rubbing between them. Also, to facilitate the loading of the bag, folding carts are used that rotate with the help of two wheels. For those who want greater comfort, they will be able to use the motorized trolleys, in which both the player and the bag move, without making more effort. It is a team sport, played between two sets of five players each for four periods or quarters of ten or twelve minutes each. The team's objective is to score points by inserting a ball through the basket, a hoop 3.05 meters above the surface of the game court from which a net hangs. The score for each basket or basket is two or three points, the location of the position from which the shot is taken to the basket, or one, if it is a free kick for a foul by an opposing player. The winning team is the one with the highest number of points. Contact with the ball is made with the hands. Players, also called basketball players, cannot move by holding the ball, but by bouncing it on the ground. The team in possession of the ball or attacker tries to score points by shooting, going into the basket or dunking, while the defending team seeks to prevent it by stealing the ball or making blocks. When a shot into the basket fails, players from both teams try to catch the rebound. James Naismith, a Canadian professor of physical education, invented basketball in 1891 at the YMCA of Springfield, Massachusetts, United States. The sport quickly gained popularity and spread to North American universities and colleges in the early 1900s. The International Basketball Federation (FIBA) emerged in 1932 and the sport debuted at the Summer Olympics in 1936. In 1946 the leading professional league in the United States, the National Basketball Association (NBA), was founded, where great players were formed. who contributed to the growing popularity of basketball: Wilt Chamberlain and Bill Russell in the 1960s, and subsequently Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Moses Malone, Larry Bird, Magic Johnson, and Michael Jordan, the latter considered by many to be the best player in the history. Basketball is one of the most practiced sports in the world, with more than 450 million players in 2013. Numerous leagues and championships are played throughout the world, especially in Europe and more recently in Asia, where the sport has stood out in the XXI century. Women represent a good portion of practitioners, despite less exposure in the women's basketball media. Some variants have been developed, such as wheelchair basketball for disabled athletes, streetball and 3x3 basketball. There is a specific culture that emerged from sports that is expressed in music, literature, film and video games. Basketball history Basketball was born as a solution to the need to carry out some sports activity during the winter, at the YMCA (Young Men's Christian Association) school in Springfield, Massachusetts. James Naismith, a physical education teacher at the school, devised basketball as a ball game based on thirteen rules. The game spanned the United States, Canada, and the rest of the world, undergoing some modifications over the course of time. Many of the initial rules remain until today, although some aspects of the game had to be modified to respond to developments in player technique and aspects not foreseen in the development of the game, usually as a consequence of the manipulation of the rules by of coaches and players to tip games. In 1891, James Naismith tried to devise a sport that his students could practice indoors, as the harsh winters in New England made it difficult to exercise outdoors. The physical education activities that were practiced at the time were based on the German methods, monotonous and little indicated for a group of young people full of energy. Naismith leaned towards a ball game to better motivate his students, but popular sports at the time were predominantly characterized by the use of force or physical contact and were unsuitable for practicing in a gym. Although the ancient ball games pok-ta-pok and tlachtli - of Mayan and Aztec origin respectively - are sometimes mentioned as antecedents of modern basketball, according to their inventor the idea of using shots to a basket as the objective of the game came from a old game from his childhood called duck on a rock —or 'duck on a rock'— which consisted of reaching an object placed on a rock by throwing a stone at it. Naismith ordered boxes of about 45 cm2 to be used as a target, but the school bucket was only able to get him some baskets of peaches, which he had hung on the railings of the upper gallery that surrounded the gym, at a certain height. As Naismith had 18 students, he decided that the teams should be made up of nine players each. Soon the number of players was reduced to seven, and, in 1896, to the current of five players. The board arose to avoid that the followers located in the gallery where the baskets hung, could hinder the entry of the ball. The introduction of the board, at the beginning of the 20th century, gave rise to the play called rebound, which has become essential in the game. The peach baskets gave way to metal rings with a net without holes until they evolved to the current mesh. Rules established by James Naismith
James Naismith designed a set of thirteen rules for the fledgling sport
Baseball. Also known as ball, a competitive skill sport played with a hard ball and bat between two teams of nine players each. It is considered the national sport of Cuba and the United States, due to its strong tradition and great popularity; It is also played in many parts of the world by people of all ages. Baseball is one of the oldest and most popular sports. The game, as it is known today, was developed between children and amateur players in the early 1800s. Baseball in Cuba attracts millions of spectators every year to the stadiums and entertains many more millions through Cuban radio and television. History Although it is clear that modern baseball developed in North America, the exact origin of the game is difficult to determine. Most scholars believe that baseball evolved from a variety of similar games. A popular legend claims that Abner Doubleday, a Union officer in the United States Civil War in the period 1861-1865, invented baseball in Cooperstown, New York in 1839. Although there is little support for this story, the Hall of The National Baseball Museum and Fame is located in that city. origins There is evidence that games with a stick and a ball have been played since the earliest dawn of civilization. Ancient cultures, in Persia, Egypt and Greece, played games with a stick and a ball for fun and as part of certain ceremonies. Games of this type spread throughout the Middle Ages throughout Europe and became popular in various ways. Europeans introduced similar games to their American colonies around the 15th century. Despite the popular version of the origin of baseball created by Doubleday, there are numerous references to the terms "baseball" and "bat-and-ball" in documents from the early years of the 18th century. The origin of baseball should really be defined as the evolution of baseball, because based on what game historians have been finding, it is a derivation of the game "stool ball" dating from the Middle Ages and, in turn, the "stool ball" comes from ritual games practiced in the ancient world. The first reference to the term "base ball" occurs in 1744 just under 100 years before Abner Doubleday allegedly invented it in Cooperswton, New York in 1839. In 1744, the first printed evidence for the game "Base Ball" arises in England, which was published in a children's hobby book. Between that year and 1796 several other references to baseball emerged in Europe, representing a small game played by boys and girls. In 1796, the first "baseball" rules were published in Germany, showing that the game was probably already played in that country. The game migrated from Europe to America between the mid and late 18th century led by English colonists who settled in the New World. The first reference to the base ball played in the United States dates from April 1778, recorded in his diary by Private George Ewing: "He exercised in the afternoon and, at intervals, played base." In 1786, Princeton student John Rhea Smith mentions in his journal that "One fine day, I played 'baste ball' (sic) on campus, but I was hit because I couldn't catch and hit the ball." Subsequently, in 1791, a ban was issued in the city of Pittsfield, Massachusetts, to "preserve the windows of the new boardroom ... no one will be allowed to play games called Wicket, Cricket, Base Ball, Football, Cat , Fives or any other ball game, at a distance of 80 yards from the mentioned Meeting House ". Rules The basic rules of the game are relatively simple, although there are some specific to specific situations. Basically it is about hitting the ball or baseball as hard and placed as possible, although some important plays such as the "sacrifice touch", in southern Spanish areas "toquecito" (soft hit to the ball that makes it hardly advance) , and which aims to get runners on base to get closer to scoring a run, can produce very positive attacking plays for the attacking team. If the "sacrifice bunt" or "tap" leaves the area of play when the batter's count has two strikes this will be taken as an out ("strikeout"). The pitcher has four possible wrong pitches, which would allow the batter to advance to first base, while the batter (from the other team) has three errors when batting before being eliminated. If the pitcher misses the fourth time, the batter gets a base, without the need to hit the ball. Whereas if the batter misses a good ball or batting attempt a third time, he is eliminated. That count of bad shots and bats is called an "account." How to play
A baseball game is divided into nine game periods, each of which is called an inning. The team that scores the most runs over the nine innings wins the game. Play begins when a player, called a pitcher or pitcher, throws the ball toward the opposing team's batter who attempts to hit (hit the bat) the ball into the field of play. Players score runs by hitting the ball and running around a series of bases, before any field player from the opposing team eliminates them. Batters and runners can be eliminated in different ways. The inputs are divided into two halves, called the beginning and end of the input. During the beginning of an inning, one team bats while the other is on the field. When the batting team has three players eliminated, the two teams swap their roles and the end of an inning begins. If the result remains tied at the end of nine innings, the two teams continue to play until, at the end of one or more supplemental innings, one team scores more runs than the other. Game Process The positions of the players on the field are as follows: Pitcher. Receiver (Catcher). First baseman. Second baseman (Although he is known as the defender of second baseman, he is placed between second and first). Third baseman. Shortstop, shortstop (Short stop, player who is between third and second, and who also defends second base). Left fielder or left fielder. Center gardener or central exterior (Center fielder). Right fielder or right fielder. Designated hitter is a baseball position used by some leagues, allowing a player to be selected to bat instead of the pitcher, but not occupying any defensive position on the field. The visiting team is the first to "attack", that is, to hit. They go out one by one always in the same batting order to try to hit and not be eliminated. The batting turn changes to the other team, which was defending, when three players from the batting team are eliminated. Thus they change from attack to defense up to a maximum of nine times. Every time a team attacks and defends an inning is passed. At the end of the nine innings, if there is no tie, the game ends, if there is, additional innings are played until one of the two teams gets more runs than the other at the end of the full inning. The basic playing area is a square called "square" or "diamond", placed on one of its vertices is the home or home plate (batting place). Runs (touchdowns) are recorded each time the batter runs all the bases in the box. The Ekiden is a revelation race in which teams compete. It is a long-distance race in which the route is divided into several sections. The team that runs the race in the shortest time is declared the winner. Hakone Ekiden, which is celebrated every New Year (on January 2 and 3), has become a typical scene of the beginning of the year in Japan. "Ekiden" is an abbreviation for Ekiden kyōsō (Relay Race between Poles), a competition born in Japan. It is a long distance relay race in which several people form a team and each member runs a predetermined section. Victory and defeat is decided by the order of arrival or the total time of the race. The most important mission that runners have is to deliver as quickly as possible the band that they carry on their shoulders to the next runner. Band delivery The distance, sections and number of people are not particularly specified, but in general they are from 5 to 10 sections, and the distance per person that runs is from 5 to 20 km. After the runner has completed his section, pass the tasuki (band) to the next runner, and not the typical baton-shaped witness. The tasuki, a thin, elongated band-shaped cloth, is a sacred object that symbolizes team unity for runners. During the run, it must be hung diagonally from the shoulder to the opposite armpit. Throwing it when the delivery is made involves disqualification, so delivering it by hand is an inviolable rule. Although cross country races running on roads and mountains are extensively held abroad, this way of running a relay race and delivering the tasuki is peculiar to Japan. The first time an Ekiden took place in competition was in 1917 to mark the 50th anniversary of the capital's move to Tokyo. On this occasion, the "Tōkaidō Ekiden Race" was held in which some 500 kilometers were traveled from Sanjō Ōhashi in Kyoto to the Shinobazu pond of Ueno in Tokyo and lasted 3 days. After that the race has been evolving, and now it is also held abroad. In Japan, over 100 relay races, with national and international competitions, take place in many regions from the end of the track season in November to March of the following year, and have become a typical winter stamp. An annual New Year event The most famous Ekiden is the Tōkyō Hakone kan Ōfuku Daigaku Ekiden Kyōsō (Tokyo-Hakone Round-trip Ekiden University Race) that takes place on January 2 and 3. Each year the top ten finishers from the previous edition participate in this university competition, the teams classified in the elimination competition and a team from the Kantō University Association, which totals 23 teams in 2019. They travel a round trip ( 217.1 km) between Ōtemachi, Tokyo and the city of Hakone in Kanagawa prefecture, and compete for the required time. This tournament that started in 1920 is said to be typical of the New Year. Its television and radio broadcasts also have a high audience rate. The journey is divided into 10 sections. On the first day, the departure route starts from Ōtemachi, in Tokyo, and runs through five sections to Ashinoko in Hakone. The return route from Hakone to Tokyo on the second day ranges from the sixth to the tenth section. One of the characteristics of the Hakone Ekiden is that you have to climb the steep mountain of Hakone. The climb in section 5 and the mountain descent in section 6 are especially difficult routes, since an altitude difference of 800 meters must be run at once. The runners who have done well in these sections are called "the mountain gods." On January 1, the Men's National Corporate Team Ekiden (New Year's Ekiden) is also held. In this competition that started in 1957, the best national corporate team is decided. It has its start and finish in the Gunma prefecture government building and it is covered 100 km divided into 7 sections. It is a race where the best Japanese long distance runners face and 37 teams that previously won the national qualifiers participate. Ekiden tournaments spread across the world
In general, there are many races that end in one day. The Kyūshū Isshū Ekiden, completed in 2013, was one of the few tournaments lasting 8 days with 51 sections spanning 739.9 kilometers. Other typical tournaments are the Male Ekiden Interprefectural (Hiroshima Male Ekiden) and the National Ekiden Institutes. When it comes to women's racing, the Ekiden Interprefectural Women's that launched in 1983 was the first. Later, others have emerged such as the Women's National Ekiden for Corporate Teams, the National Ekiden for University Students, etc. There are currently a number of women's competitions very similar to that of men's races. This competition has also spread abroad: the Adecco Brussels Ekiden from Brussels in Belgium celebrates its fifteenth edition this year. Its distance of 42,195 kilometers is divided into 6 sections and it is a great event in which more than 1,000 teams from some 30 countries will appear. Honolulu Rainbow Ekiden of Hawaii and Rotorua Ekiden Relay of New Zealand are also being held among other races, which is expanding the horizons of this type of competition. Kick boxing has its origins in western boxing, Japanese karate, and in Thai muay thai, also called "thai boxing". Osamu Noguchi was the son of a Boxing heavyweight champion. Since he was a child he had practiced this sport until he suffered a back injury and had to abandon it. He became a promoter and organizer of boxing matches in Japan and made several trips to Thailand where he met Naront Siri, Muay Thai master. Having also good relations with Masutatsu Ōyama, founder of Kyokushinkai style karate, he decided to organize in the 1960s a series of combats between the thai-boxers and the karatekas of Oyama, among which was Kenji Kurosaki, Oyama's own right hand man. Once in Thailand, three battles take place; two of which are won by the Japanese and Kurosaki himself loses against the Thai rival with a descending elbow blow. At that time, Noguchi begins planning the adaptation of Muay Thai in Japan, which is why in the early 1960s Kurosaki, Siri and Noguchi called the new sport "Karate Boxing", without much success in Japan. It was not until 1968 when the new sport was called Kick Boxing and the first federation in the world was founded, in Japan. Initially, throws and other hand punches typical of traditional Japanese karate, were valid techniques in kick boxing, as well as techniques of elbow punches, heels to the calves, in addition to the techniques of holding the arms to hit with the knees, which are valid in Muay Thai. Subsequently, these techniques were no longer used and considered invalid, in the new discipline, which assumed a purely sporting and competitive nature. The Kickboxing Association was founded in Japan shortly after. Kick boxing was a media success, and became very popular in Japan, and was soon broadcast on television. Tadashi Sawamura was one of the first known kickboxers at the time. When he retired, the "boom" happened in Japan and Kick boxing lost its popularity. Kick boxing has not reappeared on TV since the renowned K-1 tournament started in 1993. In 1993, it was when Kazuyoshi Ishii (former kyokushin karate master and founder of Seidokan Karate) created the K-1 tournament under rules Kick Boxing specials (no elbow strikes, and no neck holds). Kick boxing became famous to this day. It should be noted that despite the fact that it generally does not promulgate a philosophy, or code of conduct to its practitioners (currently) as it does in other martial arts from which it is nurtured, its roots define it by what can be considered Such, although there is great controversy on this subject due to its rapid westernization. It differs from the Taekwondo leg techniques since they are percussive in their execution, unlike the kick boxing leg techniques, and they are similar to those of karate that are penetrating in their execution, clear examples of this are the kick Forward penetration and kick boxing circular kick, which are the main weapons in the arsenal of leg techniques. In the circular kick, the end of the tibia is struck with the semi-flexed leg, which gives the leg a penetrating effect similar to that of a baseball bat, which is ideal for a combat sport in which searching for loss of consciousness of the opponent KO or knocaut with the fists or the feet, unlike other traditional martial arts where in competition it is sought to obtain the percussion or the snap effect or blows to the point. It is important to note that in some styles of Japanese karate such as kyokushinkai, or shotokan, front, circular, or penetrating side kicks are also used and trained to a greater or lesser extent. Rules
There are different kick boxing rules, depending on the modality, organization / association / federation and the type of event, be it amateur or professional. The rules common to the largest organizations are generally:
Humans have been fascinated by the underwater world for thousands of years and have always been looking for ways to explore what lies beneath the surface. There is something fascinating about entering the ocean and, for a period of time, becoming part of another world. What is Snorkel? First things first: Snorkeling is defined as swimming with a mask, a breathing tube, which is actually called a snorkel or “snorkel,” and swimming fins. The mask provides a clear view through the water, the snorkel allows the person to breathe without having to hold their breath and go out for air, and the fins facilitate a faster swim. The beginnings of modern snorkeling date back to around 5000 years ago, off the coast of Crete. However, these people were not going to snorkel to admire the coral reefs and the beautiful underwater life, but were looking for natural sponges. The researchers believe they used hollow reeds as snorkel tubes to breathe when underwater, allowing them to spend more time submerged. Alexander the Great was responsible for promoting the development of the first diving bell in 333 B.C. This was a huge contraption, designed to trap air inside the top when it was lowered into the water. More or less the same principle that our BOB's helmet uses! It is not exactly snorkeling, but it is definitely an important step in its evolution. In "Parts of Animals" Aristotle writes about divers who used "breathing instruments" that resembled the trunk of an elephant. Finally in 1300 AD, the Persians realized that opening your eyes underwater for long periods is not the best idea. The Persians were the first to make goggles (underwater goggles) using turtle shells. They cut the shells thin enough to be translucent, and polished them to make them transparent. Amazing! Although the possibility of snorkeling with glasses was still sooo far. Later, in the 1400s, Leonardo da Vinci designed many diving apparatuses ranging from simple tubes (which allowed divers to breathe air from the surface) to a diving suit (which was self-contained in all respects). The ancestors of modern flippers also appear in Da Vinci's sketches in the form of webbed finger swimming gloves. In 1531 he also presented what was basically the prototype of current snorkeling: a hollow tube that attaches to a person's cap or helmet. The evolution of fins Benjamin Franklin did more than just found the US In 1717 he invented his own version of the fins. They weren't as good as the fins you and I used, they were more like wooden paddles stuck to your hands and feet. Not very practical. In 1912, Frenchman Louis de Corlieu took Benjamin Franklin's wooden shovels and turned them into something efficient and practical. He invented what we now know as fins and in 1933 he patented them. After the industrial revolution came what we call "modern times". This is when snorkeling evolved to look a bit like the beautiful device we see today. In the 1940s, the first commercial snorkel mask models went on sale. It was an oval piece of glass or plastic with a piece of rubber stretched over the edges, holding them in place. Today, thanks to modern technology, more complex and efficient equipment has been developed and even basic snorkeling equipment has been improved. Ultimately, it is thanks to this development and the inventions of modern technology that snorkeling is such a popular and safe pastime to practice. Masks, or diving goggles There are different styles and shapes, normally the same type of mask is used as those used by divers, the mask allows the diver to see clearly underwater. All diving masks carry a lens, or faceplate, a skirt, which also includes the nose, and a strap for head restraint. Snorkeling does not require a special aptitude, only the ability to swim and breathe through the snorkel. However, for security reasons, instruction and guidance requires an experienced instructor or person. As with diving, it is always recommended to practice it with a friend, guide or a group. Snorkeling or snorkel
The snorkel is generally about 30 centimeters long and has an internal diameter of between 1.5 and 2.5 centimeters, usually L or J-shaped and provided with a mouthpiece at the lower end, and made of rubber or plastic. It is used to breathe air above the surface of the water when the athlete's mouth and nose are submerged. Some modern snorkels have a sump at the mouthpiece to allow a small volume of water to remain in the tube without being inhaled when the diver breathes. Older tubes had a ball in a box mounted on the open end of the tube to prevent water ingress, but these are no longer sold or recommended for use as they are considered hazardous to the diver. The creator of this novel sport was the Norwegian Simon Sivertsen. During a vacation sailing in the Mediterranean it occurred to him to mix water skiing with freediving, this prototype is what would later become Subwing. Although little known, it is a very simple sport that everyone can practice. It consists of holding on to a platform that tries to simulate two fins that are connected by a pivot and letting yourself be dragged by a motor boat. All we have to do is keep our breath as long as possible and enjoy the incredible scenery that we will find when sliding down the ocean floor. It is a sport that everyone can do and that does not need a previous physical preparation since we are the ones who set the pace, the movements and the dives. The creators of the Subwing recommend that the length of the rope is approximately 15 meters. It should be noted that the longer the rope, the deeper the dive will be. As well as that the speed of the boat is between 2 and 4 knots, although it is not very high speeds due to the density of the water this seems much more when we are below it. If we have never practiced Subwing the first time we do it, we cannot forget it in a very long time. It is a simple sport that does not disappoint anyone, young or old. In order to enjoy the Subwing we will only need a boat, some fiberglass or carbon wings, a diving mask and if we want some snorkeling fins. If you are a lover of the sea and sports you can not spend more time without knowing what it is to practice Subwing. Decide the coast you want to discover and jump into this sport with your family or friends, it will certainly not disappoint you. The Subwing is a mix of water skiing and freediving, was devised by the Norwegian Simon Sivertsen. Today fiberglass and carbon fiber wings are marketed with prices ranging from 400 to 800 euros.
The Subwing is attached to a boat with a recommended rope length of about 15 meters. The speed of the boat should be around 2-4 knots, with the use of a longer rope, you will be able to make deeper dives. The necessary equipment is a boat, rope attachment, a diving mask, and if you wish, a snorkel and fins, this is optional. Although as a sport it is relatively young, moving on foot on top of a boat with the help of a paddle is a thousand-year-old way of sliding used for transport or fishing in the Pacific, from Peru with its reed horses to Polynesia. The tradition of ‘surf’ in Polynesia means much more, it is something spiritual, it is the channel used to communicate with the Gods through the waves or the so-called He’e Nalu = to slide on the wave. To understand what Paddle Surf is, you have to know its history. On Waikiki beach, around the 60s, surf instructors called beach boys were in charge of reinventing SUP as we know it today. They used large boards and canoe oars to photograph and monitor tourists who learned to surf. Although it was not until the late 90s and early 2000s, by Hawaiian surfers like Dave Kalama, Brian Keaulana or Laird Hamilton, it became popular. Initially intended as training to keep fit on days when there were no waves. Later athletes and celebrities, practicing during their holidays, have helped SUP to be front page in all the media and spread very quickly. The secret of SUP is that it is a sport for all ages, physical conditions and relatively safe.
The ease of learning and adaptability to all aquatic environments has undoubtedly contributed to this. Fun is guaranteed during the practice of this sport and physical exercise too. It is one of the most complete sports that exist, being a low impact activity it is suitable for all ages. During practice, a large number of muscles are involved throughout the body, both static and dynamic. Having to maintain balance is an excellent continuous work of proprioception. EQUIPMENT NEEDED To practice, basically, we only need two main elements: a PADDLE SURF TABLE and a SUP ROW. But both for safety and comfort, other ACCESSORIES such as leash or invention, neoprene, helmet, life jacket or waterproof backpacks are usually used. Sandboarding is a sport that consists of descending dunes or sand hills, with special boards similar to those of Snowboarding. It belongs to the category of extreme sports due to the increase in adrenaline experienced by those who practice it. It has the same lines of action as Snowboarding, that is, you can define the style you want to develop yourself. It is mainly practiced in dunes. Dune is understood as sand hills from the base to the top; although it can also be done on hills covered with sand, even those covered with sand and earth. The beginnings of Sandboarding are diverse, from Brazil more precisely on the island of Santa Catarina (Florianópolis) by surfers who could not practice their sport on days when there were no waves 1 even in the dunes of Europe when skiing and snowboarding began to take its peak of development and when the winter seasons are over, snow sports lovers were looking for any sloping habitat and the closest thing to snow sliding. Today it has gained many adherents worldwide. One of the main attractions of this sport is the appreciation of nature and the landscapes that it gives us. Each place has a history and a particular beauty. The lifestyle of a sandboarder leads him to discover incredible places, often almost virgin of man and pollution. This lifestyle can often be somewhat solitary and reflective. A time to think and see the world in a different way. The search for a magic dune, the best dune of your lives may be next, surely it will be. It invites you to feel this. With a sandboard you can visit places and meet people you have never imagined before. Customs, values, without a doubt the sandboard also offers a means to meet another world and above all things find yourself. The origin of this sport lies in its cousins surfing, skateboarding and especially snowboarding. The system is the same as the latter, the only difference is that sandboarding is practiced on slopes of sand and, the finer it is, the better. This extreme sport was invented in Brazil in the early 1980s and came out of the imagination of a group of surfers from the Island of Santa Catarina (Florianópolis) who resisted not being able to practice their favorite sport during the days when there were no waves. . They thought that a beach dune would be a good surface to slide on. If in the case of surfing the maximum emotion is reached with a large wave, in the sandboard it is the magic dune that is sought, that is, the longest, sloping and finest sand. Therefore, any site is not suitable for practicing this sport. There is even a world championship that is held in Germany. The most attractive countries to practice it are Namibia, Brazil, Australia, South Africa and Peru. The practice of sandboarding has many bases in snowboarding, from the board to the equipment used is much more similar to that of surfing. Also the styles, tricks, movements, and even the modalities, which are: bordercross, slalom, slopestyle and big air.
Tai Chi Chuan is known for the sequences of movements carried out by its practitioners and characterized by the union of consciousness and body movement, slowness, flexibility, circularity, continuity, smoothness, firmness, and feeling of harmony that they transmit. This Martial Art has become popular for the hygienic benefits that are attributed to its practice and because it is accessible to a very broad population stratum, regardless of its physical condition. Tai Chi Chuan practitioners attribute these health benefits to the characteristics of this discipline related to Traditional Chinese Medicine. Recent medical studies have paid attention to Tai Chi Chuan. Nowadays, Tai Chi Chuan is considered a discipline for the development of body / mind integration and personal balance, without for that reason having abandoned the form / function relationship that establishes its nature as a martial art. From Tai Chi Chuan other disciplines have been developed that dispense with martial function and are limited to techniques and principles related to Meditation and Chi Kung. These disciplines prefer to refer to Tai Chi Chuan as Tai Chi. From the point of view of Chinese culture, Tai Chi Chuan has three foundations: first, it synthesizes several forms or fighting schemes of the Ming dynasty, especially seems related to the 32 forms of Long Boxing. Second, it integrates Taoist gymnastics and its breathing system, and the theory of Channels and Collaterals of traditional Chinese medicine. Third, he formulates his principles of struggle in the key of Yin and Yang, The Five Phases, Internal Alchemy and the Book of Changes. benefits for physical and mental health. It consists of making relaxed and harmonious movements. It is recommended for various diseases and is based on traditional Chinese medicine. Groups can be seen near the beaches in summer. BRIEF HISTORY
There are several theories about the origin of Tai Chi Chuan. The spread of Tai Chi Chuan is due to Yáng Lù Chán (1799-1872), also known as Yang Fukui, born in Nan Guan, Yongnian County (Hebei Province) who was tutor of the Imperial Family Martial Arts in Beijing, where he was called Yang Wu Di (Yang the Invincible). Yang Lu Chan, in his capacity as the most outstanding Master of Martial Arts in Beijing, was protected by eight Manchue princes and for that reason he was also nicknamed "Eight Lords". According to the Yang family, Yáng Lù Chán, he would have learned Tai Chi Chuan from Chén Cháng Xïn (1771-1853) 14th generation of the Chen family, from the village of Chenjiagou, Wen County (Henan Province) who, according to this theory , he would have learned from his contemporary Jiâng Fā, originally from the neighboring town Zhao Bao Zhen. Kitesurfing is an extreme sport of gliding on water in which the wind propels a traction kite attached to your body by means of a harness, so you can surf a board on the waves or perform maneuvers in the air. In the 12th century some Chinese and Indonesian fishing communities used kites to drag their small boats, this sport modality officially dates from 1977, the year that Gijsbertus Adrianus Panhuise patented a navigation system on a surfboard pulled by a kind of parachute. Since then, also called kiteboarding or flysurfing has become very popular, thanks to its spectacular and accessible learning, and specialized schools have multiplied throughout the planet. Although for your practice it is not necessary that you are a physical portent or be in the best years of youth (kiters go from six to 60 years approximately - however, the Spanish Gisela Pulido has been seven times world champion before turning 17 years old–) you have to keep in mind that it is a risky sport, so certain doses of strength, endurance and coordination are necessary. That also implies that those with severe respiratory deficit or cardiovascular problems should not do it, because the released adrenaline increases blood pressure and heart rate significantly. It is also not indicated for those who suffer severe or recurring shoulder or knee injuries, suffer from diabetes or do not know how to swim, since any incident on the high seas could be doubly dangerous. The basic kitesurf equipment consists of:
Kite Address bar KiteSurf harness Table 4- or 5-line lines (kite tether) Safety line from harness to bar Security leash Inflator (pump or electric) And optionally it can include safety and comfort elements such as: Helmet Life jacket (flotation or against impacts) Wetsuit and [booties] Cut lines Sunscreen sand buggy off-road skateboard It is also useful to have tools that allow you to check the speed and direction of the wind. Off-shore kite practice is not recommended, because if there were some kind of mishap, the kite would not let us go out. In Spain there are specific places where it is possible to navigate with a land wind, such as the Levante on Valdevaqueros beach in Tarifa, Cádiz and Sotavento beach in Jandía, Fuerteventura. The ideal is winds always from the sea, called On Shore or those that come in a parallel direction to the shore called Side Shore. Depending on the wind direction we will choose one beach or another, in the province of Cádiz there are beaches for all winds. It is a fusion sport of volleyball and soccer that is played mainly on fields located on the beach sand, although it is also practiced on concrete or grass surfaces, always simulating a volleyball field. It is very popular in countries like Brazil, Paraguay and Spain. Having emerged on the beach in Copacabana, Rio de Janeiro and also in the sports areas of Pallejà, futvoley has quickly become popular and there are currently a large number of followers of this sport throughout the world. Result of the adaptation of soccer to beach volleyball, futvoley finds its main center of expression in the city of Rio de Janeiro. The introducer of the sport was former player Octavio de Morales, “Tatá”, from C.R. Botafogo and the Brazilian soccer team. In 1965, on Bolívar street in Copacabana, in order to circumvent the police ban on playing soccer on the beach, Tatá decided to play on a volleyball court with nets and a defined field, which was allowed. Game rules.
BRIEF STORY.
The pioneering association at the European level, the Spanish Futvoley Association, was established in 1993 and since then has carried out tasks of organization and promotion at the state level. In 2017, 25 years of the dean tournament of the European territory, the Futvoley Circuit Spain were celebrated. Year after year the best futvoley is concentrated on the different beaches of the Valencian Community and Murcia. On Valencia beaches, specifically in Las Arenas, the Spanish Futvoley Association organized in 2005 the first futvoley world championship, being the first champion in history in Brazil. The teams from Spain, Brazil, Uruguay, Germany, Argentina, England, Italy and France participated. Bossaball is a team sport that originated in Spain and was invented by Belgian Filip Eyckmans in 2005. Bossaball is a ball game between two teams, combining elements of volleyball, soccer, and gymnastics with music in one sport. It is played on an inflatable court with a trampoline on each side of the net. Trampolines allow players to bounce high enough to spike the ball over the net and score direct points. The Bossaball game was created between 2003 and 2005 by Filip Eyckmans, a Belgian settled in Spain for more than ten years. As a young man, Eyckmans was a player on the Belgian national tennis team, while in his spare time he played soccer and played at private parties. At the beginning of the 90s he became manager of music bands: dEUS, Vive la Fete and others and participated in many festivals throughout the world. On one of his multiple trips with dEUS in Brazil, he was captivated by the Afro-Brazilian phenomenon of Capoeira in a plaza in a suburb of Arrecife. He was also fascinated by the fantastic vibes of the sunsets on the beaches of Brazil, where soccer, beach volleyball, music and dance merged. In the late 1990s, when the beach volleyball phenomenon was exploding and trampolines and inflatables could be seen in most shopping malls, Eyckmans began machining his music and sports cocktail. He was looking for a fusion of different body techniques, a sport with more movement than serves and blocks, a concept where gymnasts could combine their movements with elegant Zidane touches, a game that allowed you to enjoy a completely new sensation of finishing a ball from heights never before experienced. Bossaball was born: a mix of soccer, volleyball, and gymnastics, covered in an exotic musical sauce. Other countries in which Bossaball has been introduced are: Brazil, Argentina, Mexico, Turkey, the Netherlands, Spain, Germany, France, Switzerland, Portugal, Greece, Slovenia, Hungary, Czech Republic, Romania, Israel, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Kuwait, Chile, Ecuador, Venezuela, Paraguay and Colombia. HOW TO PLAY:
Points are scored by scoring on the opposing court and when opponents fail. When the ball touches the safety zone it is out. The safety edge surrounding the trampolines counts as a free zone. In this Bossawall the ball can bounce or roll and, if it remains stationary, the point goes to the opposing team. Dialing with a touch of volleyball: 1 point: when the ball hits the main area of the opponent's court. 3 points: when the ball hits the opponent's trampoline. Marking with a touch of football: 3 points: when the ball hits the main area of the opponent's court. 5 points: when the ball hits the opponent's trampoline. Bossaball is a mixed sport, played between two teams of 4 players. The objective of the game is to get the ball to touch the ground in the opponent's team's field. A maximum of 5 touches is allowed for each team. The height of the net can be adjusted for professionals, beginners or children. You can play the ball with any part of the body, using two techniques: Volleyball touch: touch the ball with your hands or forearms. Soccer touch: touch the ball with another part of the body other than the arms; double tap allowed (counts as a single tap). |
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